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Presidential Executive Order Gags Order Againe the Ua Marshal

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U.Due south. policy blocking NGO funding

The Mexico City policy, sometimes referred to past its critics every bit the global gag rule,[i] is a United States authorities policy that blocked U.South. federal funding for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that provided abortion counseling or referrals, advocated to decriminalize abortion, or expanded abortion services. When in upshot, the Mexico Metropolis policy is a U.S. government policy that requires foreign not-governmental organizations to certify that they will not "perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning" with non-U.S. funds as a condition for receiving U.Southward. global family planning assistance and, as of January 23, 2017, whatever other U.South. global health help, including U.Due south. global HIV (under PEPFAR) and maternal and child health (MCH) assistance.

The United mexican states City policy was get-go implemented on Jan twenty, 1985 past the 2nd Reagan assistants. Since that fourth dimension, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has enforced the policy during all subsequent Republican administrations and has rescinded the policy at the direction of all Democratic administrations.[two] After its initial implementation by Republican President Ronald Reagan in 1985,[3] the policy was rescinded by Democratic President Pecker Clinton in Jan 1993,[iv] re-instituted in Jan 2001 by Republican President George Due west. Bush,[5] rescinded in January 2009 by Autonomous President Barack Obama,[6] [7] and reinstated in January 2017 when Republican President Donald Trump took part.[8] [9] [ten] In an address to the World Health Organisation (WHO), Dr. Anthony Fauci, Chief Medical Advisor to the President, confirmed that President Joe Biden would rescind the policy, as with his Democratic predecessors;[xi] [12] [13] the recission occurred later in January 2021.[xiv]

Telescopic of the policy [edit]

The policy requires non-governmental organizations to "concur equally a condition of their receipt of [U.Due south.] federal funds" that they would "neither perform nor actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in other nations".[15] The policy has exceptions for abortions performed in response to rape, incest, or life-threatening conditions.[sixteen]

History of the policy [edit]

Named for Mexico City, the venue of the Un International Conference on Population and Development where it was announced, the policy was instituted by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1984.[17] [18] [19] The final language of the 1984 policy was negotiated past the deputy chairman of the U.S. delegation, Alan Keyes, then an Banana Secretarial assistant of State.[xx]

After the establishment of the United mexican states Metropolis policy, organizations were required to run into its specified weather in guild to be eligible for federal funding from the United States, and as a result, several international abortion agencies no longer received a portion of their funds from this source. The International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) did not alter its performance and lost more than than twenty% of its full funding. Other family planning organizations, such as the Family Guidance Association of Ethiopia and the Planned Parenthood Association of Zambia, likewise did not make the changes required by the Mexico City policy and had their funding cut. NGOs in Romania and Colombia adjusted to the new U.Southward. guidelines and connected to authorize for federal funding.[21]

In 1987 and 1988, the policy was challenged past two U.S. Appeals court rulings in DKT Memorial Fund Ltd. vs. USAID, involving Phil Harvey and two foreign NGOs,[22] and Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. 5. USAID.[23] Ultimately, the 2 court rulings contributed to the policy existence used merely against foreign NGOs, while non invoked against U.Due south. NGOs.

Presidential Memorandum Regarding the Mexico City Policy (2017)

President Bill Clinton rescinded the Mexico Metropolis policy on Jan 22, 1993. He referred to the policy as existence "excessively wide" and stated that it had "undermined efforts to promote safe and efficacious family planning programs in foreign nations".[4] On January 22, 2001, President George W. Bush reinstated the policy, stating, "It is my confidence that taxpayer funds should not exist used to pay for abortions or advocate or actively promote abortion, either hither or abroad. It is therefore my belief that the Mexico City Policy should be restored".[24] In September 2007, Barbara Boxer, a Senator from California, created an amendment designed to lift the funding weather condition put in place by the Mexico City policy. Information technology passed past a vote of 53–41. President Bush promised to veto any legislation which would eliminate the Mexico City policy.[25] The policy was rescinded again by President Barack Obama on January 23, 2009,[7] and further reinstated on Jan 23, 2017 by President Donald Trump.[10] Trump not only reinstated the policy merely expanded information technology, making information technology encompass all global health organizations that receive U.Southward. government funding, rather than only family planning organizations that practice, as was previously the case. This includes offices such as USAID, the Department of State, Global Aids Coordinator, Centre of Disease Control and Prevention, National Constitute of Health, and Department of Defense.[26]

The nature of the policy has implications for organizations in certain countries such as Due south Africa. Even if these organizations support the policy itself, it is illegal for them not to inform a woman seeking an abortion of her rights, and/or refer her to a facility where she may have an abortion. The President'due south Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) was excluded from the United mexican states City policy nether the George W. Bush-league administration, but was not excluded since the Mexico Metropolis policy was reinstated on Jan 23, 2017.[27]

In May 2017, Male monarch Tillerson announced an expansion of the policy; originally a ban roofing roughly $600 million in family unit planning coin, the Trump policy since then applied to all international health intendance aid doled out past the U.S. government — almost $nine billion.[28]

The Mexico City policy was rescinded again by President Joe Biden on January 28, 2021.[29]

Impact [edit]

Co-ordinate to a 2019 study in the periodical Lancet, the implementation of the Mexico City Policy during the Bush assistants (2001-2009) unintentionally led to more than abortions. Past limiting funding for family planning organizations, which use abortion as one of many methods of family unit planning, use of contraceptives reduced and pregnancies increased. When the United mexican states Metropolis Policy was in effect under the G.W. Bush administration, the abortion charge per unit was 64% higher in thirteen countries highly afflicted by the policy than in other comparable countries. Under the immediately preceding Clinton assistants, when the policy was not in issue, the abortion rate in the thirteen countries was 8% lower than in the other comparable countries. The authors of the study approximate that Bush's imposition of the Mexico Metropolis Policy increased the abortion rate in the thirteen countries by 40%, and the rest of the increase had other causes.[xxx]

A 2015 written report of Ghana found that the policy increased unintended pregnancies and abortions.[31] A 2011 study which examined Sub-Saharan Africa found that the Mexico City Policy likewise had the unintended consequence of increasing the number of abortions, with the authors suggesting that the reduction in fiscal support for family planning organizations led to a greater number of accidental pregnancies.[32]

Rutgers University economist Yana van der Meulen Rodgers ended in her 2019 book The Global Gag Dominion and Women'due south Reproductive Wellness that Mexico Metropolis policy had non reduced abortions, likely increased dangerous abortions, and adversely affected health outcomes for men, women and children.[1] In a 2017 editorial for the New England Journal of Medicine, Stanford University health experts Nathan Lo and Michele Barry noted that research showed the policy increases unintended pregnancies and abortions. They write, "the reinstatement of the United mexican states City Policy is a stark case of "evidence-costless" policymaking that ignores the best scientific information, resulting in a policy that harms global health and, ultimately, the American people."[33] 2017 editorials in The BMJ by Academy of Michigan Medical School health experts,[34] and The Lancet by University of Toronto, Columbia Academy and Guttmacher Institute health experts ended the aforementioned.[35] [36]

Views [edit]

The policy originally enacted from 1984 to 1993 spoke to abortion only, not family planning in general. All the same, in 2001, the policy was re-implemented and expanded to cover all voluntary family planning activities, and critics began to refer to it as the "global gag rule." These critics argue that the policy non only reduces the overall funding provided to particular NGOs, it closes off their admission to USAID-supplied condoms and other forms of contraception.[37] This, they argue, negatively impacts the power of these NGOs to distribute nascence control, leading to a downturn in contraceptive utilize and from there to an increase in the rates of unintended pregnancies and abortion.[37] A study of nations in sub-Saharan Africa suggests that unintended pregnancies increased and abortions approximately doubled while the policy was in consequence.[38] Critics too argue that the ban promotes restrictions on free spoken language as well as restrictions on accurate medical data.[39] [40] [41] [42] The European Parliamentary Forum on Population and Development presented a petition to the United states Congress signed past 233 members condemning the policy. The forum has stated that the policy "undermines internationally agreed consensus and goals".[43]

Supporters of the policy accept argued, using the example of the Philippines, that the ban prevents overseas health organizations from using U.S. government funds to contravene the contraception and abortion laws of the countries in which they operate.[44] Supporters too argue that the policy prevents the health agencies from promoting abortion at the expense of other birth command methods.[45] [46]

The Vatican supports the United mexican states City policy.[47]

[edit]

The Sandbæk Report of the Eu, which calls for the funding of the Un Population Fund (UNFPA), was seen by some Catholic commentators as a contrast to the Mexico Urban center policy.[48] The European commissioner Poul Nielson said that the European Marriage wished to "fill up the decency gap" left by the Mexico City policy.[49] [50]

The UNFPA states that it does not "provide back up for ballgame services".[51] Pro-life individuals and organizations have accused the UNFPA of supporting forced abortions by the Chinese regime.[52] [53] The Bush administration withheld funding from the bureau due to concerns well-nigh its alleged interest. A 2002 U.South. State Department investigation found "no evidence" that UNFPA knowingly took part in forced abortions.[54] The arrangement has stated that it "has never, and will never, exist involved in coercion in Cathay or whatever part of the world".[51]

In 2010, the Harper government in Canada announced a maternal health development aid plan for the upcoming G8 meridian which did non include financial support for ballgame or contraception, drawing comparisons to the Mexico City policy.[55]

In popular culture [edit]

An episode of the television series Boston Legal, "Squid Pro Quo", which originally aired on May 9, 2006, featured a case involving USAID's withdrawal of funding to an overseas not-profit organization.[56]

An episode of the American television serial The West Wing, entitled "Privateers", featured a "gag rule" subpoena of a law for overseas help.[57]

See also [edit]

  • Abortion in the Us
  • Heart for Reproductive Constabulary and Policy five. Bush, a court case which upheld the legality of the Mexico Metropolis policy
  • Gag rule (United States)
  • Hyde Amendment

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Rodgers, Yana van der Meulen (2019). The Global Gag Rule and Women's Reproductive Wellness: Rhetoric Versus Reality. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Printing. ISBN9780190876128.
  2. ^ Lee, Michelle Ye Hee. "Does Trump's Mexico City policy ban funds to groups that 'even mention' abortion?" – via world wide web.washingtonpost.com.
  3. ^ "What is the United mexican states City Policy?". Retrieved 2017-01-23 .
  4. ^ a b Clinton, William J. (January 22, 1993). "AID Family Planning Grants/Mexico Urban center Policy". Archived from the original on July four, 2008. Retrieved 2007-09-29 .
  5. ^ "Restoration of the United mexican states City Policy – Memorandum for the Administrator of the The states Agency for International Evolution". Federal Register. 28 March 2001.
  6. ^ "Mexico City Policy and Help for Voluntary Population Planning – Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Administrator of the United states of america Bureau for International Development". Federal Register. 23 January 2009.
  7. ^ a b Obama, Barack (Jan 23, 2009). "Statement of President Barack Obama on Rescinding the Mexico City Policy". Retrieved 2017-01-24 .
  8. ^ "The Mexico City Policy – Memorandum for the Secretary of Country[,] the Secretary of Health and Human Services[, and] the Administrator of the The states Agency for International Development". Federal Register. 25 January 2017.
  9. ^ Jeremy Diamond; Dana Bash. "TPP withdrawal Trump'due south first executive action Monday, sources say". CNN . Retrieved 2017-01-23 .
  10. ^ a b Sengupta, Somini (2017-01-23). "Trump Revives Ban on Foreign Aid to Groups That Give Abortion Counseling". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-01-24 .
  11. ^ Silberner, Joanne (9 November 2020). "U.s. ballot: Biden announces covid-19 task strength, promising "pity, empathy, and concern"". BMJ. 371: m4327. doi:10.1136/bmj.m4327. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 33168547.
  12. ^ "White Business firm won't give plans on Hyde Subpoena, Mexico City Policy". Washington, D.C.: Catholic News Agency. January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  13. ^ Safi, Michael (January 21, 2021). "Fauci: US to repeal anti-abortion dominion on assist and join Covax vaccine scheme". The Guardian . Retrieved January 21, 2021.
  14. ^ Lucey, Catherine; Peterson, Kristina (January 28, 2021). "Biden Targets Abortion Restrictions equally Fight Looms in Congress". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved Jan 28, 2021.
  15. ^ Bush, George. W. (Jan 22, 2001). Restoration of the Mexico City Policy. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  16. ^ Horton, Adrian (June 5, 2019). "Trump'south anti-abortion global gag rule threatening women's lives, written report says" – via world wide web.theguardian.com.
  17. ^ US Policy Statement for the International Conference on Population. (1984). Population and Development Review, 10(3), 574–79. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  18. ^ Lewis, Neil A. (June one, 1987). "Abortions Abroad are Focus of Widening Boxing Over Reagan's Policy." The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  19. ^ Robinson, B.A. (April 27, 2007). U.S. "Mexico City" policy: Ballgame funding in foreign countries. ReligiousTolerance.org. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  20. ^ "Values Voter Presidential Debate :: Alan Keyes Archives". www.keyesarchives.com.
  21. ^ Motluk, Alison. (October 6, 2004). "US abortion policy: A healthy strategy for whom?." New Scientist. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  22. ^ United States. Court Of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit (1987). "DKT Memorial Fund v. Agency for International Evolution, thirteen February 1987". Annual Review of Population Law. fourteen (fourteen): 42–iii. PMID 12346727.
  23. ^ United States. Court Of Appeals, Second Circuit (1987). "Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. v. Agency for International Development, 29 January 1988". Annual Review of Population Police. 15 (14): 43–4. PMID 12289567.
  24. ^ "Restoration of the Mexico City Policy". archives.gov . Retrieved 2020-11-08 .
  25. ^ "Senate lifts strange family-planning funds ban." (September seven, 2007). MSNBC News. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  26. ^ Gardenswartz, Jacob. "Trump's global abortion gag rule goes much further than whatever previous administration". Vox. Retrieved 2017-01-26 .
  27. ^ Population Action International. (August fifteen, 2001).What You Need to Know Most the Global Gag Rule and U.S. HIV/AIDS Assist: An Unofficial Guide Archived 2007-08-31 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  28. ^ http://www.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "Trump cuts all health care aid to international groups performing or promoting abortion". The Washington Times.
  29. ^ Lucey, Catherine; Peterson, Kristina (January 28, 2021). "Biden Targets Abortion Restrictions as Fight Looms in Congress". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  30. ^ Miller, Grant; Bendavid, Eran; Brooks, Nina (2019-06-27). "USA help policy and induced abortion in sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis of the Mexico City Policy". The Lancet Global Health. 7 (viii): e1046–e1053. doi:x.1016/S2214-109X(nineteen)30267-0. ISSN 2214-109X. PMID 31257094.
  31. ^ Jones, Kelly G. (2015-10-01). "Contraceptive Supply and Fertility Outcomes: Testify from Ghana" (PDF). Economic Development and Cultural Change. 64 (1): 31–69. doi:ten.1086/682981. ISSN 0013-0079. S2CID 12187365.
  32. ^ Bendavid, Eran; Avila, Patrick; Miller, Grant (2011-12-01). "United states help policy and induced abortion in sub-Saharan Africa". Bulletin of the Globe Wellness Arrangement. 89 (12): 873–880. doi:10.2471/BLT.11.091660. PMC3260902. PMID 22271944.
  33. ^ Lo, Nathan C.; Barry, Michele (2017-04-13). "The Perils of Trumping Science in Global Health — The Mexico City Policy and Beyond". New England Journal of Medicine. 376 (15): 1399–1401. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1701294. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 28225666.
  34. ^ Greer, Scott L; Rominski, Sarah D (2017-02-01). "The global gag dominion and what to do nearly information technology". BMJ. 356: j511. doi:ten.1136/bmj.j511. ISSN 0959-8138. PMID 28148475. S2CID 661417.
  35. ^ Karim, Salim Due south. Abdool; Singh, Jerome A. (2017-04-01). "Trump'due south "global gag rule": implications for man rights and global health". The Lancet Global Wellness. 5 (four): e387–e389. doi:x.1016/S2214-109X(17)30084-0. ISSN 2214-109X. PMID 28288738.
  36. ^ Starrs, Ann M. (2017-02-04). "The Trump global gag dominion: an attack on US family planning and global health assist". The Lancet. 389 (10068): 485–486. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30270-2. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 28170321.
  37. ^ a b Population Action International. (June 1, 2004). "How the Global Gag Rule Undermines U.S. Foreign Policy and Harms Women's Health Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Automobile." Retrieved Oct i, 2007.
  38. ^ Bendavid, Eran; Avila, Patrick; Miller, Grant (2012-10-27). "United states aid policy and induced abortion in sub-Saharan Africa". Bulletin of the World Wellness Organization. doi:10.2471/BLT.11.091660. Archived from the original on July 25, 2012.
  39. ^ Sierra Club. It has also been proved that the Global Gag Rule inhibited women worldwide from access to gynecological exams, AIDS prevention and treatment, and contraceptive options. It also halted shipment of condoms and contraceptives to more than twenty countries (Feminist Majority). (n.d.) "Global Gag Rule Archived 2008-04-09 at the Wayback Motorcar." Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  40. ^ Middle for Reproductive Rights. (July 2003). The Bush Global Gag Rule: Endangering Women's Health, Gratis Spoken communication and Democracy Archived 2008-04-01 at the Wayback Machine." Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  41. ^ National Arrangement for Women. (July nineteen, 2007). "Six Years of the Global Gag Rule have Weakened Women'south Access to Reproductive Wellness Care Archived 2008-05-xiv at the Wayback Car." Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  42. ^ Illingworth, Betsy. (January 18, 2005). "The Global Gag Rule Archived 2007-07-09 at the Wayback Automobile." Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  43. ^ Intra European Forum on Population and Development. (2004). "Funding cuts from the USA Archived 2007-10-14 at the Wayback Machine." Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  44. ^ National Committee for a Man Life Amendment. (October 28, 2002). Fact Canvas: The Mexico Metropolis Policy Archived 2007-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  45. ^ Lopez, Kathryn Jean. (June 21, 2007 ). "This Mexican Policy Is a Keeper Archived 2007-x-21 at the Wayback Machine." National Review. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  46. ^ Usa Conference of Cosmic Bishops. (n.d.). Fact Canvas: "The Mexico City Policy". Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  47. ^ Israely, Jeff (26 Jan 2009). "The Vatican Slams Obama over Abortion". Archived from the original on Jan 30, 2009 – via www.fourth dimension.com.
  48. ^ "European Parliament Votes To Fund Abortions Overseas." (February 14, 2003). Catholic World News. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  49. ^ European Parliament. (January thirteen, 2004). Wellness issues and poverty reduction.
  50. ^ Castle, Stephen. (February 5, 2001). "Europe to fund United states of america abortion shortfall." The Independent. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  51. ^ a b United Nations Population Fund. (n.d.). 34 One thousand thousand Friends Entrada: Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  52. ^ Smith, Chris. (due north.d.). ""The United nations Population Fund Helps Red china Persecute Women and Kill Children Archived 2007-08-24 at the Wayback Machine." Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  53. ^ National Committee for a Human Life Amendment. (January xviii, 2005). Funding UNFPA: People's republic of china's Coercive Population Control Plan Archived 2007-10-28 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  54. ^ Marquis, Christopher. (July 17, 2004). "U.Due south. Cuts Off Financing Of U.N. Unit For 3rd Yr." The New York Times. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  55. ^ "Contraception motion defeated." (March 23, 2010). CBC News.
  56. ^ "'Squid Pro Quo' Episode Summary." (n.d.) Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  57. ^ The "West Wing", Season 4 Episode 18

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City_policy

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